Jun 21, · With regard to literature, Modernism is best understood through the work of the Modernist authors who wrote in the decades before and after the turn of the twentieth blogger.com of the first aspects of Modernist writing to strike readers is the way in which such novels, stories, plays and poems immerse them in an unfamiliar blogger.comist writing frequently immerses the reader in a Nov 27, · Ecocriticism: An Essay By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on November 27, • (2). Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation Modernism. The Modernist Period in English Literature occupied the years from shortly after the beginning of the twentieth century through roughly In broad terms, the period was marked by sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world
Ecocriticism: An Essay – Literary Theory and Criticism
Literary modernismor modernist literatureoriginated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America, and is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction writing. Modernism experimented with literary form and expression, as exemplified by Ezra Pound 's maxim to "Make it new.
In the s, increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques. The theories of Sigmund Freud —and Ernst Mach — influenced early Modernist literature.
Ernst Mach argued that the mind had a fundamental structure, and that subjective experience was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in The Science of Mechanics Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria with Josef Breuer According to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived.
As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was a major influence modernism in literature essay logical positivismand through his criticism of Isaac Newtona forerunner of Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity. Many prior theories about epistemology argued that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it were, on an individual, as, for example, John Locke 's — empiricismwhich saw the mind beginning as a tabula rasaa blank slate An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Freud's description of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions, was combined by Carl Jung — with the idea of the collective unconsciouswhich the conscious mind either fought or embraced.
While Charles Darwin 's work remade the Aristotelian concept of "man, the animal" in the public mind, Jung suggested that human impulses toward breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but rather derived from the essential nature of the human animal.
Another major modernism in literature essay of modernism was Friedrich Nietzsche[4] especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the " will to power ", were more important modernism in literature essay facts, or things. Henri Bergson —on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time, modernism in literature essay.
Important literary precursors of modernism were Fyodor Dostoyevsky —81 Crime and PunishmentThe Brothers Karamazov ; Walt Whitman —92 Leaves of Grass —91 ; Charles Baudelaire —67 Les Fleurs du malRimbaud —91 Illuminations; Knut Hamsun Hunger; August Strindberg —especially his later plays, including the trilogy To Damascus —, A Dream PlayThe Ghost Modernism in literature essay Initially, some modernists fostered a utopian spirit, stimulated by innovations in anthropologypsychologyphilosophymodernism in literature essay, political theoryphysics and psychoanalysis.
The poets of the Imagist movementfounded by Ezra Pound in as a new poetic style, gave modernism its early start in the 20th century, [9] and were characterized by a poetry that favoured a precision of imagerybrevity and free verse. Many modernist writers also shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion of absolute truths. Modernist works such as T. Eliot 's The Waste Land were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored the darker aspects of human nature.
The term modernism covers a number of related, modernism in literature essay, and overlapping, artistic and literary movements, including ImagismSymbolismFuturismVorticismCubismSurrealismExpressionismand Dada. Early modernist writers, especially those writing after World War I and the disillusionment that followed, broke the implicit contract with the general modernism in literature essay that artists were the reliable interpreters and representatives of mainstream "bourgeois" culture and ideas, and, instead, developed unreliable narratorsmodernism in literature essay the irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world.
They also attempted to address the changing ideas about reality developed by Charles DarwinErnst MachFreudAlbert EinsteinNietzscheBergson and others. From this developed innovative literary techniques such as stream-of-consciousness, interior monologueas well as the use of multiple points-of-view.
This can reflect doubts about the philosophical basis of realismor alternatively an expansion of our understanding of what is meant by realism. Modernism in literature essay example, the use of stream-of-consciousness or interior monologue reflects the need for greater psychological realism. It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen as roughly marking the beginning and quote novelist Virginia Woolfwho declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December ".
Among early modernist non-literary landmarks is the atonal ending of Arnold Schoenberg 's Second String Quartet inthe Expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Expressionist Blue Rider group in Munich inthe rise of fauvismand the introduction of cubism from the studios of Henri MatissePablo PicassoGeorges Braque and others between and Sherwood Anderson 's Winesburg, Ohio is known as modernism in literature essay early work of modernism for its plain-spoken prose style and emphasis modernism in literature essay psychological insight into characters.
James Joyce was a major modernist writer whose strategies employed in his novel Ulysses for depicting the events during a twenty-four-hour period in the life of his protagonist, Leopold Bloomhave come to epitomize modernism's approach to fiction. The poet T. Eliot described these qualities innoting that Joyce's technique is "a way of controlling, of ordering, modernism in literature essay, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history Instead of narrative method, we may now use the mythical method.
It is, I seriously believe, a step toward making the modern world possible for art. This is in fact a rhetorical technique to convey the poem's theme: "The decay and fragmentation of Western Culture". In Italian literaturethe generation of poets represented by Eugenio Montale with his Ossi di seppiaGiuseppe Ungaretti with his Allegria di naufragiand Umberto Saba with his Canzoniere embodies modernism.
This new generation broke with the tradition of Giosuè CarducciGiovanni Pascoliand Gabriele D'Annunzio in terms of style, modernism in literature essay and tone. They were aware of the crisis deriving from the decline modernism in literature essay the traditional role of the poet as foreseer, teacher, prophet. In a world that has absorbed Friedrich Nietzsche 's lesson, these poets want to renew literature according to the new cultural world of the 20th century.
For example, Montale utilizes epiphany to reconstruct meaning, while Saba incorporates Freudian concepts of psychoanalysis. Modernist literature addressed similar aesthetic problems as contemporary modernist art. Gertrude Stein 's abstract writings, such as Tender Buttonsfor example, have been compared to the fragmentary and multi-perspective Cubist paintings of her friend Pablo Picasso.
In this poem, modernism in literature essay, MacDiarmid applies Eliot's techniques to respond to the question of nationalism, using comedic modernism in literature essay, in an optimistic though no less hopeless form of modernism in which the artist as "hero" seeks to embrace complexity and locate new meanings.
Regarding technique, modernist works sought to obfuscate the boundaries between genres. Thus prose works tended to be poetical and poetry prose-like. Eliot's poetry sacrified lyrical grace for the sake of fragmented narrative while Virginia Woolf's novels such as Mrs Dalloway and The Waves have been described as poetical.
Significant modernist works continued to be created in the s and s, including further novels by Marcel ProustVirginia WoolfRobert Musil Man without Qualitiesand Dorothy Richardson. The American modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill 's career began inbut his major works appeared in the s and s and early s.
Two other significant modernist dramatists writing in the s and s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley's Lover was published inwhile another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of William Faulkner 's The Sound and the Fury in The s would prove to be watershed years in modernist poetry.
In this period, T. Eliot published some of his most notable poetic works, including The Waste LandThe Hollow Menand Ash Wednesday. In the s, in addition to further major works by William Faulkner As I Lay DyingLight in AugustSamuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphywhile in John Cowper Powys published A Glastonbury Romancethe same year as Hermann Broch 's The Sleepwalkers.
Djuna Barnes published her famous lesbian novel Nightwood in One of the greatest achievements in modernist poetry is then followed by Miroslav Krleža 's Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh in Then in James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake appeared.
It was in this year that another Irish modernist, W. Yeatsdied. In poetry, E. Cummingsand Wallace Stevens continued writing into the s. It was in this period when T. Eliot began writing what would become his final major poetic work, modernism in literature essay, Four Quartets. Eliot shifted focus in this period, writing several plays, including Murder in the Cathedral. While modernist poetry in English is modernism in literature essay viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra PoundHart CraneMarianne MooreWilliam Carlos WilliamsH, modernism in literature essay.
EliotDavid JonesHugh MacDiarmidBasil Buntingand W. European modernist poets include Federico García LorcaFernando PessoaAnna AkhmatovaConstantine Cavafyand Paul Valéry. Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees Modernism ending by c.
The term late modernism is sometimes applied to modernist works published after EliotAnna AkhmatovaWilliam FaulknerDorothy RichardsonJohn Cowper Powysand Ezra Pound. Basil Buntingborn inpublished his most important modernist poem Briggflatts in In addition Hermann Broch 's The Death of Virgil was published in and Thomas Mann 's Doctor Faustus in early works by Thomas MannThe Magic Mountainand Death in Venice are sometimes considered modernist.
Samuel Beckettwho died inhas been described as a "later modernist". The terms minimalist and post-modernist have also been applied to his later works.
Prynne b. More recently the term late modernism has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written afterrather than With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War IIespecially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb.
The term Theatre of the Absurd is applied to plays written by primarily European playwrightsthat express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.
Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his essay, "Theatre of the Absurd. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to Vaudevillemixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the " well-made play ".
Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett —Eugène Ionesco —Jean Genet —Harold Pinter —Tom Stoppard b. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Modernist literature. Western literary movement, originating in the late 19th century. For modern literature, see History of modern literature. Modernismo Modernist poetry Contemporary French literature Experimental literature Expressionism theatre History of theatre Stream of consciousness 20th century in literature Twentieth-century English literature Postmodern literature List modernism in literature essay modernist writers List of modernist women writers.
ISBN Modern American Literature. EDINBURGH University Press. Retrieved 20 April Spring - Summer,pp. Linda R, modernism in literature essay. London: Bloomsbury,pp. The Imagist Poem, Modern Poetry in Miniature Story Line Press,expanded Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Bennett and Mrs, modernism in literature essay. Leonard Woolf. London: Hogarth,
Modernism and the Essay
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An engaging critical assessment of British literature produced between and The book concentrates on the first four decades of the twentieth century but acknowledges the nineteenth-century roots and later permutations of modernism Modernism. The Modernist Period in English Literature occupied the years from shortly after the beginning of the twentieth century through roughly In broad terms, the period was marked by sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world Nov 27, · Ecocriticism: An Essay By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on November 27, • (2). Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation
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