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He also served as Iran's Ahmadinejad phd thesis of Culture from to Later, he was critical of the government of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Ahmadinejad phd thesis his two terms as president, Khatami advocated freedom of expressiontolerance and civil societyconstructive diplomatic relations with other states including those in Asia and the European Unionand an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment.
On 8 FebruaryKhatami announced that he would run in the presidential election [12] but withdrew on 16 March in favor of his long-time friend and adviser, former Prime Minister of Iran, Mir-Hossein Mousavi.
Khatami proposed the Dialogue Among Civilizations. The United Nations proclaimed the year as the United Nations' Year of Dialogue Among Civilizationson Khatami's suggestion. In Octoberthe award committee of the Global Dialogue Prize [16] declared Dariush Shayegan and Mohammad Khatami as joint winners of the inaugural award, "for their work in developing and promoting the concept of a 'dialogue among cultures and civilizations' as new paradigm of cultural subjectivity and as new paradigm of international relations".
The Global Dialogue Prize is one of the world's most significant recognition for research in the Humanities, honoring "excellence in research and research communication on the conditions and content of a global intercultural dialogue on values". Khatami was born on 14 Octoberin the small town of Ardakanahmadinejad phd thesis, in Yazd Province.
Khatami holds the title of Sayyidwhich means that he claims direct patrilineal descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He married Zohreh Sadeghithe daughter of a professor of religious law, and niece of Musa al-Sadrahmadinejad phd thesis, in at the age of The couple have two daughters and one son: Laila bornNarges bornand Emad born Khatami's father, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khatamiwas a high-ranking cleric and the Khatib the one who delivers the sermon for Friday prayers in the city of Yazd in the early years of the Iranian Revolution.
Khatami's brother, Mohammad-Reza Khatamiwas elected as Tehran's first member of parliament in the 6th term of parliament, during which he served as deputy speaker of the parliament.
He also served as the secretary-general of Islamic Iran Participation Front Iran's largest reformist party for several years. Mohammad Reza is married to Zahra Eshraghigranddaughter of Ruhollah Khomeini founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran who is a feminist human rights activist.
Khatami's other brother, Ali Khatamia businessman with a master's degree in Industrial Engineering from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn[20] served as the President's Chief of Staff during President Khatami's second term in office, where he kept an unusually low profile. Khatami's eldest ahmadinejad phd thesis, Fatemeh Khatami, was elected as the first representative of the people of Ardakan Khatami's hometown in city council elections.
Mohammad Khatami is not related to Ahmad Khatamia hardline cleric and Provisional Friday Prayer Leader of Tehran. Mohammad Khatami received a BA in Western philosophy at Isfahan Universitybut left academia while studying for a master's degree in educational sciences at Tehran University and went to Qom to complete his previous studies in Islamic sciences.
He studied there for seven years and completed the courses to the highest level, Ijtihad. After that, he briefly settled in Germany to chair the Islamic Centre in Hamburg from to Before serving as president, ahmadinejad phd thesis, Khatami was a representative in the parliament from tosupervisor of the Kayhan Institute, Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance —and then ahmadinejad phd thesis a second term from to 24 May when he resignedthe head of the National Library of Iran from toahmadinejad phd thesis, and a member of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution.
He is a member and chairman of the Central Council of the Association of Combatant Clerics. Besides his native language PersianKhatami speaks Arabic, English, and German. Running on a reform agenda, Khatami was elected president on 23 Mayin what many have described as a remarkable election. Despite limited television airtime, ahmadinejad phd thesis, most of which went to the conservative Ahmadinejad phd thesis of Parliament ahmadinejad phd thesis favored candidate Ali Akbar Nateq-NouriKhatami received 70 percent of the vote.
Khatami supporters have been described as a "coalition of strange bedfellows, including traditional leftists business ahmadinejad phd thesis who wanted the state to open up the economy and allow more foreign investment" and "women and younger voters". The day of his election, 2 Khordad,in the Iranian calendaris regarded as the starting date of "reforms" in Iran, ahmadinejad phd thesis.
His followers are therefore usually known as the " 2nd of Khordad Movement ", ahmadinejad phd thesis. Khatami is regarded as Iran's first reformist president, since the focus of his campaign was on the rule of law, democracy and the inclusion of all Iranians in the political decision-making process. However, his policies of reform led to repeated clashes with the hardline and conservative Islamists in the Iranian government, who control powerful governmental organizations like the Guardian Councilwhose members are appointed by the Supreme Leader.
Khatami lost most of those clashes, and by the end of his presidency many of his followers had grown disillusioned with him. As President, according to the Iranian political system, Khatami was outranked by the Supreme Leader, ahmadinejad phd thesis.
Thus, Khatami had no legal ahmadinejad phd thesis over key state institutions such as the armed forces, the police, the army, the revolutionary guards, the state radio and television, and the prisons. See Politics of Iran. Ahmadinejad phd thesis presented the so-called "twin bills" to the parliament during his term in office, these two pieces of proposed legislation would have introduced small but key changes to the national election laws of Iran and also presented a clear definition of the president's power to prevent constitutional violations by state institutions.
Khatami himself described the "twin bills" as the key to the progress of reforms in Iran. The bills were approved by the ahmadinejad phd thesis but were eventually vetoed by the Guardian Council.
Khatami's economic policies followed the previous government's commitment to industrialization. At a macro-economic level, Khatami continued the liberal policies that Rafsanjani had embarked on in the state's first five-year economic development plan — A year into his first term as president of Iran, Khatami acknowledged Iran's economic challenges, stating that the economy was, "chronically ill and it will continue to be so unless there is fundamental restructuring".
For much of his first term, Khatami saw through the implementation of Iran's second five-year development plan. On 15 SeptemberKhatami presented a new five-year plan to the Majlis. Aimed at the period from tothe plan called for economic reconstruction in a ahmadinejad phd thesis context of social and political development, ahmadinejad phd thesis.
The specific economic reforms included "an ambitious program to privatize several major industries the creation ofnew jobs per year, average annual real GDP growth of six percent over the period, reduction in subsidies for basic commodities plus a wide range of fiscal and structural reforms".
Unemployment remained a major problem, with Khatami's five-year plan lagging behind in job creation. Onlynew jobs were created in the first year of the plan, well short of thethat the plan called for. The World Bank report on Iran concludes that "after 24 years marked by internal post-revolutionary strife, international isolation, and deep economic volatility, Iran is slowly emerging from a long period of uncertainty and instability". At the macroeconomic level, real GDP growth rose from 2. Unemployment was reduced from Both public and private investments increased in the energy sector, the building industry, ahmadinejad phd thesis, and other sectors of the country's industrial base.
The government, for the first time since the wholesale financial nationalization, authorized the establishment of two private banks and one private insurance company. The OECD lowered the risk factor for doing business in Iran to four from six on a scale of seven, ahmadinejad phd thesis. The government's own figures put the number of people under the absolute poverty line in at Private estimates indicate higher figures. Among countries in a world survey, Iran under Khatami was th in terms of openness to the global economy.
On the United Nations' Human Development scale, Iran ranked 90th out of countries, only slightly better than its previous position at 97 out of countries four years earlier, ahmadinejad phd thesis. Therefore, inthe organization of privatization established.
Also Iran succeeded to convince the World Bank to approve loans totaling billion dollar to the country. During Khatami's presidency, Iran's foreign policy began a process of moving from confrontation to conciliation.
In Khatami's notion of foreign policy, there was no ahmadinejad phd thesis clash of civilizations ", he favoured instead a " Dialogue Among Civilizations ". Relations with the US remained marred by mutual suspicion and distrust, but during Khatami's two terms, ahmadinejad phd thesis, Tehran increasingly made efforts to play a greater role in ahmadinejad phd thesis Persian Gulf region and beyond.
As President, Khatami met with many influential figures including Pope John Paul IIKoichiro MatsuuraJacques ChiracJohannes RauVladimir PutinAbdulaziz BouteflikaMahathir Mohamad and Hugo Chávez.
Inahmadinejad phd thesis, Khatami refused to meet militant Iraqi cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, ahmadinejad phd thesis.
On 8 Augustthe Taliban massacred 4, Shias in the town of Mazar-i-SharifAfghanistan. It also attacked and killed 11 Iranian diplomats with an Iranian journalist among them, ahmadinejad phd thesis. The rest of the diplomats were taken hostage, ahmadinejad phd thesis. Ayatollah Khamenei ordered the amassing of troops near the Iran Afghanistan border to enter Afghanistan and fight the Taliban. Over 70, Iranian troops were placed along the borders of Afghanistan, ahmadinejad phd thesis.
Khatami halted the invasion and looked to the UN for help. Soon he was placed in talks. Later Iran entered negotiations with the Taliban, the diplomats were released. Khatami and his advisers had managed to keep Iran from entering war with the Taliban.
After the earthquake in Bamthe Iranian government rebuffed Israel's offer of assistance. On 8 AprilKhatami sat near Iranian-born Israeli President Moshe Katsav during the funeral of Pope John Paul II because of alphabetical order.
Later, Katsav shook hands and spoke with Khatami. Katsav himself is in origin an Iranian Jewand from a part of Iran close to Khatami's home; he stated that they had spoken about their home province. That would make this incident the first official political contact between Iran and Israel since diplomatic ties were severed in However, ahmadinejad phd thesis he returned to Iran, Khatami was subject to harsh criticism from conservatives for having "recognised" Israel by speaking to its president.
Subsequently, the country's state-run media reported that Khatami strongly denied shaking hands and chatting with Katsav. From toKhatami's administration successfully reduced the rate of fall in the value of the Iranian rial bettering even the record of Mousavi.
Nevertheless, the currency continued to fall from 2, to 9, to the U. dollar during his term as president. In FebruaryParliament electionsthe Guardian Council banned thousands of candidates, including most of the reformist members of the parliament and all the candidates of the Islamic Iran Participation Front party from running.
Khatami recalled his strong opposition against holding an election his government saw as unfair and not free. He also narrated the story of his visit to the Supreme Leader, Khamenei, together with the Parliament's spokesman considered the head of the legislature and a list of conditions they had handed him before they could hold the elections, ahmadinejad phd thesis. The list, he said, ahmadinejad phd thesis, was then passed on to the Guardian Council, the legal supervisor and major obstacle to holding free and competitive elections in recent years.
The members of the Guardian Council are appointed directly by the Supreme Leader and were considered to be applying his will. At this point, student protesters repeatedly chanted the slogan "Jannati is the nation's enemy", referring to the chairman of the Guardian Council.
Khatami replied, "If you are the representative of the nation, then we are the nation's enemy". However, after a clarification by students stating that "Jannati, not Khatami", ahmadinejad phd thesis, he took advantage of the opportunity to claim a high degree of freedom in Iran.
When the Guardian Council announced the final list of candidates on 30 January reformist members ahmadinejad phd thesis parliament declared that they would boycott the election and resign their seats, and the Ahmadinejad phd thesis interior minister declared that the election would not be held on the scheduled date, 20 February.
However, Khatami then announced that the election would be held on time, and he rejected the resignations of his cabinet ministers and provincial governors. These actions paved the way for the election to be held and signaled a split between the radical and moderate wings of the ahmadinejad phd thesis movement.
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad isn't exactly getting ared-carpet welcome from the New York me
, time: 2:35Mohammad Khatami - Wikipedia
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